Every country has implemented the European Packaging Directive in a different way, inter alia putting different obligations to obliged industry. Therefore, the costs for compliance with obligations contain different factors affecting the cost levels which should be taken into account when comparing the relative costs of compliance across various European schemes. Key factors influencing relative compliance costs include the following: • Existing collection and recovery infrastructure in the waste management sector. • Packaging sources being used to meet national recycling quotas (household only or all packaging): household packaging waste is more expensive to collect and recover than packaging waste arising at industry’s back door. • Proportionate share of costs being borne by industry. This can be the full costs for collection, sorting and recovery of used packaging up to the so called additional costs for the separate collection and sorting. • Respective recycling quotas and the effect of derogations. • Collection systems used affect charges: bring systems are generally less expensive than door-to-door collection, but they usually collect less packaging. • Geographic location and population density: remote and sparsely populated regions will generally be more difficult and expensive to collect from. • Enforcement regimes influence costs; the more companies who participate in the scheme, thegreater the spread of the cost base. • Labour costs and general overheads differ depending on the prevailing local economic conditions. Just recently, the new Waste Framework Directive introduced a number of changes, among which the concept of ‘EPR schemes’. Under their scope, eco-modulation has become an obligation to boost packaging recyclability under the general, minimum requirements outlined for these schemes. The new Waste Directive calls for the fees to be modulated, where possible, for individual products or groups of similar products. EXPRA is currently conducting a research on the various approaches that could be feasible and comparable, with a specific focus on the “product category”. A first assessment of this exercise shows that some compliance schemes have already moved ontointroducing additional fee modulation. The latter generally follows an approach based on the “shared balance sheet according to the economic cost of packaging recyclability”. This document gives an overview of the current costs for compliance with the respective nationalrecovery systems for packaging and packaging waste. All data have been sent to EXPRA by therespective systems (as of March 2020), and have been compiled to the best of our knowledge. Nevertheless, this information is subject to change at any time, especially in the light of the COVID 19crises and we therefore cannot guarantee its accuracy and applicability to each type of packaging. We therefore kindly ask you to get in touch with the respective system of your country of operation to obtain the latest information relevant to you