I) Over recent decades, EPR schemes have been set up for various waste streams to apply the polluter pays principle. While BIR supports policy instruments to increase circularity, it is imperative that EPR schemes must not disrupt existing efficient markets. They should be set up only when there is a need and only once the effectiveness and the intrinsic value of a waste stream have been assessed. Preserving free and fair competition for the recycling industry is vital because recycled materials are subject to market complexities, such as supply and demand, and EPR schemes could disrupt efficient markets if not designed correctly. II) Governments should first refer to other policy instruments to increase circularity such as making design for recycling mandatory and legally-binding recycled content targets. These are powerful tools to accelerate demand for recycled materials and level the playing field with extracted raw materials. III) When and where EPR schemes are considered an absolute necessity, recyclers should be involved in the governance bodies of such schemes to ensure an appropriate balance of interests among the most relevant stakeholders in the value chain. Ownership of waste should be retained by the recycling company entrusted with the responsibility of processing the waste so that it can remain competitive and pursue continuous investment in the business. Furthermore, it is essential to have transparent and fair tenders and to avoid monopolies to comply with competition rules. BIR stands ready to engage with policy-makers and authorities in their efforts to increase recycling rates and circularity.